GLOSSARY
Marine Biotechnology
Marine biotechnology involves the application of marine organisms and their biochemical processes to develop new products, technologies, and processes. This field exploits the unique adaptations of marine life, such as enzymes and compounds from organisms living in extreme conditions, to create pharmaceuticals, biofuels, and environmental management tools. Marine biotechnology supports sustainable exploitation of marine resources, aiding in conservation efforts and the development of bioproducts that are more environmentally friendly. This multidisciplinary approach integrates marine biology, microbiology, biochemistry, and engineering to harness the potential of the ocean’s biodiversity for human benefit.
Surfactants
Chemical compounds that decrease the surface tension or interfacial tension between two liquids, a liquid and a gas, or a liquid and a solid, facilitating processes like emulsification, foaming, and dispersion. As they consist of a water-repellent and a water-attracting part, they enable water and oil to mix; they can form foam and facilitate the detachment of dirt. They can be synthetic or natural, with synthetic surfactants derived from petrochemical sources often causing environmental concerns due to their non-biodegradable nature. Surfactants are among the most widespread and commercially important chemicals. Private households as well as many industries use them in large quantities as detergents and cleaning agents, but also for example as emulsifiers, wetting agents, foaming agents, antistatic additives, or dispersants.
Biosurfactants
Biosurfactants are surface-active substances produced by microorganisms, such as bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. Unlike synthetic surfactants, biosurfactants are biodegradable, less toxic, and derived from renewable resources, making them environmentally friendly. These compounds are used in bioremediation, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and industrial cleaning. Their natural origin and biodegradability reduce the environmental impact associated with surfactant use, providing a sustainable alternative to traditional chemicals. Biosurfactants are gaining attention for their potential to enhance the efficiency and eco-friendliness of various industrial processes, reducing environmental pollution and promoting sustainability in various industries.
Siderophores
Siderophores are small, high-affinity iron-chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms to scavenge iron from their environment. Iron is essential for microbial growth but is often limited in bioavailable forms. Siderophores solubilise and transport iron, facilitating microbial survival and growth. In agriculture, siderophores enhance plant growth by improving iron uptake and can also aid in the bioremediation of contaminated soils by binding heavy metals. These compounds are crucial for sustainable farming practices and environmental health, offering natural solutions for nutrient management and soil restoration.
Microbial Fermentation
The process of using microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeast, to produce specific compounds through controlled growth and metabolic processes. Microbial fermentation is a metabolic process where microorganisms convert carbohydrates into acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen. This process is fundamental in producing foods and beverages such as yogurt, beer, wine, and bread, as well as biofuels and pharmaceuticals. Fermentation harnesses the metabolic capabilities of microbes to create valuable products efficiently and sustainably. It is also used in waste treatment and bioremediation, where microbial action breaks down pollutants. This ancient technology continues to evolve, playing a critical role in modern biotechnology and industrial applications.
Environmental Sustainability
The practice of using resources and conducting activities in a way that minimises negative impacts on the environment and promotes long-term ecological balance, it involves managing resources and conducting activities in a way that meets current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. This concept encompasses practices that reduce pollution, conserve resources, and protect ecosystems, ensuring a balance between human activities and the natural environment. Sustainability aims to maintain ecological integrity, economic viability, and social well-being. Implementing sustainable practices is crucial for addressing global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and resource depletion, promoting long-term health and prosperity for all.
Circular Economy
The circular economy is an economic system that focuses on minimising waste and maximising the reuse, recycling, and regeneration of resources. Unlike the traditional linear economy, which follows a ‘take, make, dispose’ model, the circular economy aims to create closed-loop systems where products and materials are continuously repurposed. This approach reduces the environmental impact, conserves natural resources, and fosters sustainable economic growth. By designing products for longevity, repairability, and recyclability, the circular economy supports a shift towards more sustainable production and consumption patterns.
Biotechnology Innovation
Biotechnology innovation involves the development of new products and processes through the application of biological organisms and systems. This field drives advancements in medicine, agriculture, environmental management, and industrial processes. Innovations in biotechnology can lead to the creation of genetically modified crops, biopharmaceuticals, biofuels, and environmentally friendly industrial processes. By harnessing the power of living organisms and biological systems, biotechnology innovation promotes sustainable solutions and addresses critical global challenges, contributing to economic growth and improved quality of life.
Machine Learning
Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that involves the development of algorithms enabling computers to learn from and make decisions or predictions based on data. This technology is widely used in various fields, including biotechnology, where it helps analyse large datasets, optimise processes, and predict outcomes. Machine learning enhances efficiency and innovation by automating complex tasks, identifying patterns, and providing insights that guide decision-making. Its applications range from image and speech recognition to predictive modeling and personalised medicine, driving advancements across multiple industries.
Algorithm
An algorithm is a set of instructions or rules designed to perform a specific task or solve a problem. Algorithms are fundamental to computer science and are used in everything from simple calculations to complex data processing and decision-making applications. They form the backbone of modern technology, enabling the development of software, the operation of search engines, and the functioning of artificial intelligence systems. Efficient algorithms optimise computational tasks, making processes faster and more effective, and are crucial in fields like cryptography, data analysis, and machine learning.
Extremophilic Microorganisms
Extremophilic microorganisms thrive in extreme environmental conditions, such as high temperatures, acidity, salinity, or pressure. These organisms have unique metabolic pathways and enzymes that allow them to survive where most life forms cannot. Studying extremophiles provides insights into the adaptability of life and has applications in biotechnology and industry. For example, enzymes from extremophiles are used in industrial processes that require high temperatures or harsh conditions. Extremophiles also offer potential in bioremediation and the development of novel pharmaceuticals, expanding the boundaries of scientific research and application.
Biodegradable and non-biodegradable
Biodegradable substances can be broken down by microorganisms into natural elements like water and carbon dioxide, minimising environmental impact. In contrast, non-biodegradable substances do not decompose easily and can persist in the environment for long periods, leading to pollution and waste management challenges. The preference for biodegradable materials is growing as they help reduce landfill waste and environmental contamination. Non-biodegradable materials, such as certain plastics, pose significant ecological and health risks, highlighting the need for more sustainable alternatives in product design and manufacturing.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions include gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), which trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to global warming and climate change. These emissions primarily result from human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is critical for mitigating climate change effects, which include rising temperatures, sea level rise, and extreme weather events. Strategies to reduce emissions include transitioning to renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and adopting sustainable agricultural and industrial practices.
USEFUL LINKS
SECRETed website: https://www.secreted.eu/
CORDIS – Biobased compounds engineered from marine and extremophilic microorganisms
