In our latest Social Awareness Interview, we spoke to Nikola Milić, a biologist specialising in microbiology, mycology, and natural products chemistry and a Ph.D. candidate and researcher at the University of Athens. Milić’s work focuses on extremophiles—microbes thriving in extreme conditions— to explore sustainable biotechnological solutions. Milić discussed with us the potential and challenges of bio-based compounds and how they contribute to a sustainable future.
One of the foremost advantages of bio-based compounds is their sustainability. Milić emphasises that these compounds are derived from renewable sources, making them viable alternatives to fossil-based compounds. “These bio-based products and compounds are sustainable,” he explained. “They are derived from renewable sources that can help replace and reduce our reliance on fossil-based compounds and processes”, he added.
Another significant advantage, Milić mentions, is the reduced toxicity of bio-based compounds. Compared to petrochemical counterparts, many bio-based substances are safer for both the environment and human health. “If we, for example, compare them to their petrochemical counterparts, biosurfactants are safer for workers, for consumers,” he notes, pointing out their applications in sensitive industries like cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food.
The shift towards bio-based products also opens economic opportunities, especially in rural areas where raw materials are often sourced. According to Milić, “The growth of bio-based industries can drive innovation, create new markets and jobs, particularly in rural areas,” thus providing support for local communities.
Despite these benefits, Milić acknowledges that bio-based compounds face significant hurdles. High production costs are a primary challenge, with many bio-based alternatives currently being more expensive to produce than synthetic options. However, Milić remains optimistic: “As technology improves and economies of scale kick in, I guess that those costs will eventually come down.”
Supply chain reliability is another issue, as bio-based compounds rely on natural resources that are affected by climate change, seasonal variations, and competition with food production. The availability of raw materials like biomass can fluctuate, making it challenging for bio-based industries to establish consistent supply chains. Addressing these issues will require innovation, particularly in terms of resource efficiency and optimising supply chains.
To overcome these obstacles, Milić advocates for cross-sector collaboration. He believes that industries, governments, and academic institutions must work together to advance bio-based compounds. “By bringing together academia, industry, government, and people, we can facilitate knowledge transfer, dissemination, and innovation,” he explains. This collaborative approach can drive technological advancements, reduce production costs, and create supportive regulations that promote sustainability.
Education and consumer awareness also play a pivotal role. Milić underscores the need for companies to provide clear, transparent information about bio-based products, using standardised labels to convey environmental benefits. “It is essential for companies to convey and use clear and recognisable labels… we should avoid using vague, unsure, and misleading claims,” he stresses. By ensuring that consumers understand the benefits of bio-based compounds, the industry can build trust and encourage more sustainable choices.
Milić’s lab at the University of Athens provides a real-world example of these principles in action, conducting research on bioactive compounds from natural sources and exploring their applications across various industries. This research aligns with the growing interest in natural metabolites for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural, and environmental uses, highlighting the value of interdisciplinary efforts in the bio-based sector.
While the journey toward a bio-based economy is not without its difficulties, Milić believes the potential benefits make it worth the effort. He envisions a future where bio-based compounds play a crucial role in sustainable production and industry. Milić’s work and insights highlight the promise of bio-based compounds in creating a more sustainable world, provided that challenges like cost, supply chain stability, and regulatory support are addressed through collaboration and innovation.
In conclusion, Milić’s vision for the future of bio-based compounds is one where environmental benefit, economic growth, and sustainable practices coexist, driven by interdisciplinary cooperation and a shared commitment to innovation. With continued progress and investment, bio-based compounds could redefine how industries approach production, laying the groundwork for a circular, sustainable economy that benefits both society and the planet.
